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CHANGES IN ORGANIZATION FOUND NECESSARY 
DURING PROGRESS OF THE EUROPEAN WAR 



PREPARED BY THE WAR COLLEGE DIVISION. GENERAL STAFF CORPS 

AS A SUPPLEMENT TO THE STATEMENT OF A PROPER MILITARY 

POLICY FOR THE UNITED STATES 



WCD 4886-23 



ARMY WAR COLLEGE : WASHINGTON 

NOVEMBER, 1915 




606 



WASHTNOTON 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOB 

luia 






War Depabtment, 

Document No. 506. 

Office of the Chief of Staff. 



D. Of D. 

MAY 8 1916 



SYNOPSIS 



I. Introduction. 

Page. 

1. Austria-Hungary 7 

Chasseurs 7 

Cavalry 8 

Field artillery 8 

Divisional and corps artillery 8 

Engineer troops 8 

Communication troops 9 

Cavalry ponton trains 9 

Aviation corps 9 

Aero company 9 

Signal troops 9 

Mobile automobile repair shop 10 

Machine-gun organizations 10 

2. France 10 

Heavy movable artillery 10 

Schneider mobile battery 1 

Cavalry 1 

3. Germany 1 

The 42 centimeter Howitzer battery (Krupp) 1 

Depot battalions 1 

Aero companies 1 

Automobile park 12 

4. Great Britain 12 

A. General and army headquarters 12 

General headquarters (3 echelons) 12 

Headquarters of an army (two or more divisions) ] 2 

General headquarters ammunition park 12 

A printing company 13 

B. Army and corps headquarters 13 

Headquarters of an army (two or more corps) 13 

Headquarters of an army corps (two or more divisions) 13 

Army troops supply column (provisional) 13 

Corps troops supply column 13 

The cavalry corps 14 

Cavalry corps troops 14 

Machine-gun corps (new organization, 1915) 14 

C. Infantry 14 

Headquarters of a division (new armies) 14 

Headquarters of an infantry brigade (new armies) 15 

An infantry battalion (new armies) 15 

Divisional ammunition park (new armies) 15 

An ammunition sub park for divisions (new armies) 15 

Divisional train (new armies) 16 

Divisional supply column (new armies) 16 

Cyclist company, divisional mounted troops (new armies) 16 

606 

(3) 



4. Great Britain — Continued. Page. 

D. Cavalry 16 

The cavalry di\"i8ion 16 

Headquarters of a cavalry brigade 17 

The cavalry brigade 17 

The cavalry regiment 17 

The cavalry squadron 17 

Cavalry squadron (divisional mounted troops) (new armies) 17 

Cavalry division signal squadron 18 

Remount units 18 

E. Artillery 18 

Army artillery brigade headquarters 18 

Army artillery ammunition park 18 

Headquarters of divisional artillery (new armies) 18 

Divisional ammunition column (new armies) 19 

Heavy artillery reserve group headquarters 19 

Heavy artillery battery and ammunition column (R. G. A.) 

(60-pounder B. L.) (new armies) 19 

Pack artillery brigade ammunition park) 19 

A field artillery brigade 19 

Field artillery (howitzer) brigade (new armies) 20 

Siege artillery brigade (medium) 20 

Siege artillery brigade (light) 20 

Mountain artillery brigade, R. G. A., and ammunition column. .. 20 

Armored motor battery 21 

Motor machine-gun battery 21 

Antiaircraft gun detachment 21 

Workshop for six antiaircraft gun detachments 21 

F. Engineers 21 

Headquarters of divisional engineers (new armies) 21 

Base Royal engineer park 22 

Railway company (construction) 22 

Field searchlight company 22 

Antiaircraft searchlight section 22 

A tunnelling company, R. E 22 

Bridging train (horsed transport) 22 

Bridging train (mechanical transport) 22 

A labor company (Mediterranean) 23 

Field squadron 23 

Pioneer battalion (new armies) 23 

An army troops company, R. E 23 

A field company (new armies) 23 

Railway supply detachment 23 

G. Signal service 24 

Cavalry corps signal squadron 24 

Army headquarters signal company 24 

Army corps headquarters signal company 24 

Motor wireless section , 24 

Motor air-line section 24 

Cable section 24 

H. Transport and supply 24 

A depot unit of supply 24 

A bakery section 25 

An auxiliary horse transport company 25 

606 



4. Great Britain — Continued. Page. 

Inland water transport section 25 

An auxiliary mechanical transport company 25 

A reserve park (mule transport) 25 

A reserve park (new armies) 26 

A workshop, A. S. C, for the motor ambulance cars of a division. . 25 

I. Medical department 26 

A field ambulance (new armies) 26 

A motor ambulance convoy 26 

A casualty clearing station 26 

A general hospital (1,040 beds) 26 

An ambulance train 26 

J. Veterinary service 27 

A veterinary hospital 27 

A mobile veterinary section 27 

A convalescent horse depot 27 

K. Military prisons 27 

Military prisons in the field 27 

L. Army service corps 27 

Dockers' battalion 27 

Foragers' battalion 27 

6. Italy 28 

Armored motor machine-gun cars 28 

Aviation service ^ . 28 

Sanitary service 28 

Transport service 28 

6. Japan 28 

7. Turkey 28 

8. Russia .- 28 

9. Serbia 28 

606 



CHANGES IN ORGANIZATION FOUND NECESSARY 
DURING PROGRESS OF THE ELUOPEAN WAR. 



I. INTRODUCTION. 

It is not to be expected that all of the changes in organization found 
necessary during the progress of the European war to date can be 
ascertained, nor that all the details of such changes as are known can 
be accurately stated. This for the reasons that such matters are 
not willingly divulged by belligerent nations, and that facilities for 
obtaining this information differ with the several countries con- 
cerned. Definite and full information on this subject can not be 
expected until after the close of the war. 

Such changes as have been ascertained may be attributed to pri- 
mary causes as follows : 

(a) The unusual magnitude of the war and the immense terrain 
covered, calling for the solution of unusual problems in logistics 
and the formation of higher units in armies that have been abnor- 
mally expanded. 

{b) The first application of the science of aeronautics in any war, 

(c) The increased use of field artillery and the introduction of 
armament of larger calibers heretofore not considered mobile or 
even movable. 

(d) The increased importance and use of machine guns. 

(e) The improvement and increased use of mechanical transport. 
(/) Changes due to faulty organization discovered by countries 

not well prepared before the war. 

Even with due allowance made for perhaps greater facilties of 
information, and incomplete returns from other countries, Great 
Britain seems to have found more changes necessary than have prob- 
ably been made in any other country, due, as was to be expected, 
from too small a standing army in peace, and too much dependence 
upon raising untrained volunteer armies after war began. 

1. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

By decree of the War Office of June 8, 1914, the following changes 
in organization of troops was to be completed by March 1, 1915 : 

CHASSEURS. 

The fourth company of each battalion, formerly converted into a 
cyclist company, was to be reestablished. 

506 

(7) 



8 

CAVALRT. 

Regiments of the common army consist of 6 troops of 150 men 
each. 

Uhlan regiments, heretofore having only 5 troops, increased to 6 
troops each. 

FIELD ARTILLERY. 

(a) Brigade headquarters established for the existing 14 brigades 
of field artillery. Field gun regiments reduced from 5 to 4 bat- 
teries—the fifth battery transferred to raise other regiments to same 
strength. 

(6) A horse artillery division (1| regiments) of 3 batteries to be 
organized. 

(c) Heavy field artillery divisions increased from 2 batteries 
to 3 batteries. 

(d) Siege artillery, formerly organized as 6 regiments and 10 
separate battalions, of 4 companies each. Two siege artillery brigade 
headquarters organized. A seventh regimental siege artillery head- 
quarters organized. One siege artillery regiment increased from 6 
to 8 companies. 

The field artillery has a makeshift organization at present, due to 
large increase in number of guns per 1,000 rifles, and of so many 
types and characters. Six guns to 1,000 rifles are now provided, but 
many are of obsolete pattern. Some regiments now have as many as 
12 batteries. Many of their batteries now have only 4 guns. Bat- 
teries have only 1 caisson per gun. The 4 ammunition trains are 
to be reduced to 2, and use motor trucks in place of the 2 in rear, 
i. e., 2-horsed ammunition trains (1 caisson for each gun), and 1 
motor-truck train carrying the equivalent of 2 caissons per gun. 

DIVISIONAL AND CORPS ARTILLERY. 

Each landwehr infantry division provided with a brigade of field 
artillery commanded by a major general, and consists of 2 regi- 
ments — 1 field-gun regiment (4 batteries), and 1 field-howitzer regi- 
ment (4 batteries). Each battery, 6 pieces. 

Landwehr divisions have the same strength in artillery as those 
of the common army, namely, 60 guns, including the corps artillery. 

ENGINEER TROOPS. 

(a) Sapper battalions increased from 3 to 4 companies each. 
(6) A cadre for an experimental sapper battalion established. 

506 



COMMUNICATION TROOPS. 

(a) A telegraph regiment of 4 battalions of 4 companies formed 
from peace cadre. 

(6) An additional regiment of raihvay troops formed. 

CAVALRY PONTON TRAINS. 

Each cavalry troop division provided with a ponton train of four 
6-horse vehicles and 36 pioneers for crossing rivers by boat, or 
bridges of a length of 18 to 50 meters — 18 meters of " riding " 
bridge, or 50 meters of " walking " bridge. The pioneer section 
taken from one of the 4 regiments forming the division. 

AVIATION CORPS. 

Proposed organization into a brigade of 2 regiments of the 16 
companies, with 2 additional companies being organized. Formerly 
not organized into battalions or higher units. 

AERO COMPANY. 

(Four flying machines in service and 4 in reserve.) 

Captain; field pilots (2 officers and 2 noncommissioned officers); 
observers (3 to 4 officers); 2 noncommissioned officers; 1 photog- 
rapher; 5 chauffeurs, flying; 12 machinists; 2 property men; 4 
workmen; 5 chauffeurs, auto; 50 train soldiers, 20 to 30 guards 
(attached) ; total, 7 to 8 officers, 39 enlisted. 

Wireless now installed on flying machines. Current generated by 
dynamo driven by belt connection with propellers. Sending instru- 
ment in observer's compartment. Antennae, 3 multiple wires — 2 
extended from tip of tail to wing tips and third carried on reel and 
payed out after rising, with plumb-bob to hold it free from machine. 

Latest flying machines are armored with steel to protect against 
rifle and shrapnel bullets when flying at 1,200 meters or higher. Ar- 
mor covers entire body occupied by crew and motor. 

SIGNAL TROOPS. 

Material increase in allotment of signal troops since war began. 

(a) Field telegraph plato&n (4 sections) consists of 5 officers, 135 
enlisted, 60 horses, 5 station wagons, and 11 material wagons. 

(h) Corps telephone platoon (4 sections) consists of 3 officers, 50 
enlisted, 20 horses, 9 station wagons, and 9 material wagons. 

(c) Division telephone platoon (2 sections) consists of 3 officers, 
90 enlisted, 23 horses, 5 station wagons, and 5 material wagons. 
30669°— No. 506—16 2 



10 

Infantry companies, artillery batteries, pioneer, and railway com- 
panies equipped with telephones. 

Cavalry regiments equipped with telegraph instruments. 
(d) Assignment to higher units. 



Telegraph 
stations. 



Telephone 
stations. 



Visual 
stations. 



Telegraph 
wire. 



Telephone 
wire. 



Ptiperior command 

Field army 

Corps ." 

Infantry division 

Cavalry division 

Mountain brigade 

Mountain Infantry division. 



Kilometers. 
80 
160 



Kilometers. 



40 



To the field army is assigned a special platoon, for repairs, as a 
reserve, and to handle special equipment. 

In principle, each subdivision connects up with the next higher 
command. In practice, when possible, aid is given the next lower 
command. 

MOBILE AUTOMOBILE REPAIR SHOP. 

One or two for each field army. 

Organization increased by 16 additional enlisted specialists. 

New features added to equipment of latest type; second dynamo 
and gasoline engine added, electric lighting apparatus extended, 
windlass turned by auto motor. 

MACHINE-GUN ORGANIZATIONS. 

(a) Infantry. — Each battalion has a platoon of 4 machine guns 
instead of 2 provided before the war began. In practice, organiza- 
tions gather in all the machine guns they can. To keep the troops 
supplied with machine guns in working order, a repair and supply 
depot is maintained at the advance depot, where guns are issued and 
repaired, pack saddles and other equipment exchanged or replaced. 

(h) Cavalry. — Each regiment has a machine-gun platoon of 4 
guns, formerly the allowance for a cavalry division of 4 regiments. 



2. FRANCE. 

HEAVY MOVABLE ARTILLERY. 

Organization not known. 

Armament: 305-millimeter (12-inch) navy gim, mounted on and 
fired from specially con-^tructed railroad car. Projectile weighs 
848 kilos (767 pounds), with 108 kilos (238 pounds) bursting charge. 

Six such guns said to have been completed or under construction. 

506 



11 

SCHNEIDER MOBILE BATTERY. 

Organization not known. 

Armament: 2 howitzers, caliber 200 millimeters (7.9-inch), each 
mounted on and fired from a truck carriage, an ammuniton carriage 
and a carriage for the personnel, with an apparatus for observation 
(a sort of mast). Together this forms a train of 4 carriages that a 
locomotive can draw on a normal line. 

CAVALRT. 

Cavalry of all kinds, for service as infantry in trenches, is pro- 
vided with bayonets for their carbines. The lance is still retained 
for cavalry service proper. 

Each cavalry division in addition to its 6 regiments, 400 cyclists, 
and 3 batteries of artillery, has a " light group " of 1,000 dismounted 
men, intended to accompany the cavalry, usually in automobiles. 

Each cavalry regiment has a machine-gun section of 2 guns drawn 
by horses. 

Each army has from 4 to 6 veterinary hospitals. 

3. GERMANY. 

THE 4 2-CENTIMETER HOWITZER BATTERY (KRUPP). 

Organization not reported. 

Armament: 42-centimeter (16.5-inch) howitzer, mounted on car- 
riages hauled by motor tractors, loaded wagons average 15 tons; 
motor tractors also 15-ton. Shell weighs 820 kilograms (1,800 
pounds). Most effective range 9,400 meters. Used as heavy field 
artillery. 

DEPOT BATTALIONS. 

Originally designed to complete and supply personnel for and 
replace wastage in 3 regiments; have, since the war began, been ex- 
panded to maintain 4 to 6 regiments each. 

AERO COMPANIES.. 

Equipped with 6 flying machines. 

Officers are observers and pilots. But noncommissioned officers are 
trained as pilots for replacement of casualties. 
All mechanical transport. 

606 



12 

AUTOMOBILE PARK. 

(Repair shop — fixed and mobile.) 

Personnel: 1 captain (taken from the railway regiments), 2 lieu- 
tenants (1 from the cavalry and 1 from the artillery) and about 400 
men (from recruit depots, most of them skilled workmen). 

Plant (fixed) : Buildings arranged on a rectangle including car- 
penter, painting and glazing, machine, vulcanizing, blacksmith and 
oxy-acetylene welding shops; (mobile): inclosed motor trucks, 
parked, and contain repair shops and appliances which follow the 
movements of an army. 

New organization. 

4. GREAT BRITAIN. 

A. General and Army Headquarters. 

GENERAL HEADQUARTERS (THREE ECHELONS), 

First eschelon : 

Personnel : 36 officers, 25 clerks, 91 rank and file ; total, 152. 

Transport: 8 motor cars, 3 motor vans (for G. S., A. G., Q. M. G., 
any pay branches). Total vehicles, 11. 

Second echelon: 

Personnel : 4 officers, 36 enlisted ; total, 40. 

Transport: 1 bicycle, 3 motor cars, 1 cart, 1 motor van (P. O. and 
medical branches) ; total vehicles, 6. 

Third echelon (Adjutant general's office) : 

Personnel : 29 officers, 229 clerks, 31 rank and file ; total, 289. 

Transport: 1 motor car. 

Organization materially changed. 

HEADQUARTERS OF AN ARMY (TWO OR MORE DIVISIONS). 

Personnel: 19 officers, 73 enlisted; total 92. (If at some distance 
from general headquarters, or on separate lines of communication, 
an extra G. S. officer added for censorship work.) 

Transport: 1 bicycle, 6 motor cars (1 for chaplain), 2 motor vans 
(medical equipment and baggage). 

New organization connected with general headquarters. 

GENERAL HEADQUARTERS AMMUNITION PARK. 

(One mechanical transport company, A. S. C.) 
Army service corps personnel : 7 officers, 366 enlisted ; total, 373. 
Artillery attached personnel: 1 officer, 115 enlisted; total, 116. 
Grand total, 489. 

606 



13 

Transport: 4 motor cars, 8 motorcycles (3 with side cars), 3 lor- 
ries (workshop), 3 lorries (store), 125 lorries, 3-ton (4 first-aid, 16 
spare, 105 ammunition) ; total vehicles, 143. 

Capacity of a 3-ton lorry : 225 rounds of 18-pounder, or 120 rounds 
4.5-inch, or 80 rounds 4.7-inch, or 90 rounds 60-pounder, or 80,000 
small-arms ammunition. 

New organization. 

A PRINTING COMPANY. 

Headquarters, general headquarters section, inspector general of 
communications section, and army section (1 for each army). 

Personnel: 1 officer (headquarters), and 1 (for each army), 2 
enlisted (headquarters), 17 enlisted (general headquarters section), 
6 enlisted (I.-G. C. section), 14 enlisted (each army). 

Transport: 1 motor car for photographic equipment and 1 lorry, 
8-ton, each army section for printing and lithographic equipment. 

Organization materially changed. 

B. Army and Corps Headquarters. 

HEADQUARTERS OF AN ARMY (TWO OR MORE CORPS). 

Personnel : 31 officers, 106 enlisted ; total, 137. 

Transport: 8 motor cars, 1 motor lorry (for electric-lighting ap- 
paratus), 2 motor vans (medical equipment, baggage, etc.); total 
vehicles, 11. 

New organization. 

HEADQUARTERS OF AN ARMY CORPS (TWO OR MORE DIVISIONS). 

Personnel : 17 officers, 72 enlisted ; total, 89. 

Transport: 5 motor cars, 1 motor lorry (for electric-lighting ap- 
paratus), 2 motor vans (medical equipment, baggage, etc.). 
New organization. Similar to former army headquarters. 

ARMY TROOPS SUPPLY COLUMN (PROVISIONAL). 

Personnel : 3 officers, 56 enlisted ; total, 59. 

Transport: 1 motor car, 1 motorcycle, 5 lorries, 30-hundredweight, 
1 lorry (workshop), 1 lorry (store). 
New organization. 

CORPS TROOPS SUPPLY COLUMN. 

Personnel : 5 officers, 68 enlisted ; total, 73. 

Transport: 2 motor cars, 2 motorcycles, 6 lorries, 3-ton, 2 lorries, 
30-hundredweight, 1 lorry (workshop), 1 lorry (store). 
New organization. 
506 



14 

THE CAVALRY CX)RPS. 

As originally organized the cavalry of the expeditionary force, ex- 
clusive of the divisional cavalry, consisted of 1 division of 4 brigades, 
and 1 brigade (the fifth) in addition. 

This has been changed to a cavalry corps of 3 divisions of 3 
brigades each. The 3-brigade division was found from experience 
to be a handier and more mobile command unit than the 4-brigade 
division. 

CAVALRY CORPS TROOPS. 

One squadron of cavalry for headquarters duty ; one signal squad- 
ron for intercommunication; one detachment of military mounted 
police for provost duty; one detachment. Army Service Corps, for 
headquarters transport. 

MACHINE-GUN CORPS (nEW ORGANIZATION, 1915). 

Three branches: (a) Cavalry of the line; (h) infantry of the line; 
(c) motor machine-gun service. 

Cavalry and infantry branches, organized as brigade machine-gun 
squadrons and companies. 

Motor machine-gun service, organized as machine-gun batteries of 
4 armored cars of 2 guns each. 

Machine-gun company (16 guns) : 9 officers, 1 warrant officer, 10 
staff sergeants and sergeants, 2 artificers, 128 rank and file (2 at- 
tached) ; total, 150. 

Company composed of 4 sections of 4 guns each. 

Personnel: 2 officers, 2 staff sergeants and sergeants, 25 rank and 
lile. 

Animals: 9 horses, riding; 43 horses, draft; 4 bicycles. 

This machine-gun corps is in addition to the machine-gun sections 
(4 guns) with each infantry battalion and cavalry regiment, making 
48 machine guns with each infantry division and cavalry division. 

This machine-gun corps is said to be similar to the German 
organization. 

C. Infantry. 

HEADQUARTERS OF A DIVISION (nEW ARMIES ). 

Personnel: 22 officers (1 major general, 2 aids, 6 staff, 7 other 
personnel, 5 veterinary, and 1 interpreter), 12 clerks, 86 enlisted; 
total, 120. 

Transport: 6 motor cars, 1 cart, 4 wagons (cooks, baggage, and 
supplies), 1 motor lorry for electric lighting apparatus, 6 bicycles. 
Total vehicles, 12. 

Change and increase in personnel and transport over regular estab- 
lishment. 

506 



15 

HEADQUARTERS OF AN INFANTRY BRIGADE (nEW ARMIES). 

Personnel: 8 officers (1 brigadier general, 2 staff, 3 chaplains, 1 
brigade machine-gun officer, 1 signal officer attached), 3 clerks, 22 
enlisted; total, 33. 

Transport: 4 wagons (cooks, baggage, and stores), 2 wagons (in- 
trenching tools), 7 bicycles. Total vehicles, 6. 

Change and increase in personnel and transport over regular 
establishment. 

AN INFANTRY BATTALION (NEW ARMIES), 

Personnel: 30 officers (5 headquarters, 1 machine-gun section, 24 
company, 6 each), 995 enlisted; total, 1,025. 

Transport : Headquarters, 9 bicycles for signalers, 4 carts, 7 
wagons, limbered, for tools and small-arms ammunition; machine- 
gun section, 2 wagons for 4 guns, tripods, ammunition, 2 w-agons for 
ammunition, and 4 ammunition pack saddles for lead horses ; 4 com- 
panies, 8 pack mules for ammunition (2 per company), 4 traveling 
kitchens, 6 wagons for baggage, stores, etc. Total vehicles, 28. 

Change and increase in personnel and transports mainly due to 
increase in machine guns from 2 to 4 per section. 

DIVISIONAL AMMUNITION PARK (NEW ARMIES). 

One mechanical transport company, A. S. C. 

Personnel: 6 officers, 364 enlisted; total A. S. C, 370. Artillery 
attached, 1 officer, 77 enlisted; total, 78. Grand total, 7 officers, 
435 enlisted ; total, 448. 

Transport : 5 motor cars, 9 motorcycles, 4 workshop lorries, 4 store 
lorries. Lorries, 3-ton: 17 for stores, spares, first-aid and reliefs, 
32 for 18-pounder, 12 for 4.5-inch, 3 for 60-pounder, 20 for S. A. A. 
Divisible into 4 sections. 

Change and increase in personnel and mechanical transport. 

AN AMMUNITION SUBPARK FOR DIVISIONS (NEW ARMIES). 

One mechanical transport company, A. S. C. 

Personnel: 4 officers, 164 enlisted; total, 168. Artillery attached, 
37 enlisted. Grand total, 205. 

Transport: 3 motor cars, 6 motorcycles, 1 workshop lorry, 1 store 
lorry. Lorries, 3-ton : 10 for first-aid, artillery and engineer stores, 
spares for reliefs, 1 for 13-pounder, 16 for 18-pounder, 4 for 4.5-inch 
and 11 for S. A. A. Divisible into 2 sections. Capacity: 280 rounds 
13-pounder, 3,600 rounds 18-pounder, 480 rounds 4.5-inch howitzer, 
and 840,000 rounds S. A. A. 

New organization. 
606 



16 

DIVISIONAL TRAIN (NEW ARMIES). 

Four-horse transport companies, A. S. C. 

Organization: Headquarters, headquarters company, and 3 other 
companies. 

Personnel : 25 officers, 482 enlisted ; total, 507. 

Transport: For headquarters and headquarters company, 31 bi- 
cycles, 5 carts,. 23 wagons, and 4 motor cars. Total vehicles, 64. 

Baggage section : 98 wagons (for attachment to the several units of 
the division as baggage train). 

Supply section : 83 wagons (for attachment to the several units 
of the division as supply train). 

Total vehicles, 245. For each infantry battalion allotted to this 
division, 6 G. S. wagons additional. 

Modification of regular establishment organization. Increased 
personnel. 

DIVISIONAL SUPPLY COLUMN (NEW ARMIES). 

One mechanical transport company, A. S. C. 

Personnel : 5 officers, 312 enlisted ; total, 317. 

Transport: 2 motor cars, 7 motorcycles, 45 lorries (3-ton), 14 
lorries (30-hundredweight), 2 workshop lorries, 2 store lorries. 

Modification of regular establishment organization. Increased 
personnel and change in transport. 

CYCLIST COMPANY, DIVISIONAL MOUNTED TROOPS (NEW ARMIES). 

Personnel : 8 officers, 196 enlisted ; total, 204. 

Transport: 202 bicycles, 1 cart, 1 wagon (ammunition), 2 wagons 
(baggage and supplies). Total vehicles, 4. 
New organization. 

D. Cavalry. 

THE CAVALRY DIVISION. 

The proportion of officers to men in the cavalry is 1 to 22; in the 
infantry it is 1 to 33.5. 

Cavalry field ambulances reduced from 4 to 3. 

The guns of the first line transport, horse artillery brigade ammu- 
nition columns, have been assigned to the brigades; one battery, 
reduced from 6 to 4 guns and changed from 13-pounders to 18- 
pounders, is assigned to each brigade. 

The cavalry ammunition parks (M. T.) and the cavalry supply 
columns (M. T.), formerly units of the lines of communication, have 
been transferred to the field troops. 

506 



17 

Mobile veterinary sections, one to each brigade or 3 to the division, 
have been added to the cavalry division troops. 

HEADQUARTERS OF A CAVALRY BRIGADE. 

(With cavalry division.) 

Personnel: 1 brigadier general, 1 aid, 2 staff, 1 brigade machine- 
gun officer, and 4 others ; total, 8 ; enlisted, 45 ; grand total, 53. 

Transport: 1 motor car, 7 bicycles, 3 wagons; total vehicles, 11. 

Principal change : Increase in commissioned personnel (machine- 
gun officer and 1 other) and enlisted (from 41 to 45). 

THE CAVALRY BRIGADE. 

Headquarters; 3 cavalry regiments; 1 battery, horse artillery; 1 
signal troop. 

THE CAVALRY REGIMENT. 

Headquarters, machine-gun section, 4 guns, and 3 squadrons. 

Personnel : 26 officers, 551 enlisted ; total, 577. 

Horses: 534 riding, 89 draft, 6 pack; total, 629. 

Transport : Headquarters, 3 bicycles, 3 carts, 2 wagons (cooks and 
baggage). Machine-gun section, 8 wagons (for materiel, ammuni- 
tion, and 12 pack saddles for use with lead horses). Squadrons (3), 
9 wagons (1 each squadron for ammunition, tools, and baggage), 12 
bicycles (4 per squadron), for intercommunication. Total ve- 
hicles, 37. 

Principal changes: Increase in personnel (28), machine guns 
(from 2 to 4), and transport vehicles (from 33 to 37). 

As in the infantry battalion, the machine guns with the regiment 
have been doubled — 4 instead of 2 guns. 

THE CAVALRY SQUADRON. 

Two trumpeters replaced by privates. 

Interpreters provided. 

Trumpet signals are not used in the field. 

CAVALRY SQUADRON (DIVISIONAL MOUNTED TROOPS) (NEW ARMIES). 

Personnel : 6 officers, 152 enlisted ; total, 158. 
Horses: 148 riding, 11 draft, 2 pack. 

Transport: 1 cart, 9 wagons; total vehicles, 10 (3 wagons and 6 
horses, heavy draft, provided by Army Service Corps). 
New organization. 

506 



18 

CAVALRY DIVISION SIGNAL SQUADRON. 

Personnel : 3 officers, 42 enlisted ; total, 45. 

Transport : 2 motor cars, 1 wagon. 

Total vehicles 3, bicycles 14, motorcycles 12. 

Horses : 15 riding, 6 draft. 

New organization. 

REMOUNT UNITS, 

(a) A headquarters : 

Personnel : 5 officers, 16 enlisted ; total, 21. 

(b) A remount squadron: 

Personnel: 4 officers, 197 enlisted (including 40 privates, rough- 
riders) ; total, 201. 

Transport: Headquarters, 1 wagon; squadron, 2 wagons; total ve- 
hicles, 3. 

New organization. 

E. Artillery. 

ARMY ARTILLERY BRIGADE HEADQUARTERS. 

(Horse and tractor drawn.) 
Personnel : 5 officers, 29 enlisted ; total, 34. 

Transport : 1 bicycle, 2 carts, 1 wagon (telephone) , 1 wagon (bag- 
gage) ; total vehicles, 4. 
New organization. 

ARMY ARTILLERY AMMUNITION PARK. 

(4.7-inch or 60-pounder gun ammunition, or both.) 

One mechanical transport company, Army Service Corps. 

1. Army service corps details. 

Personnel : 4 officers, 140 enlisted ; total, 144. 

Artillery personnel attached : 1 officer, 32 enlisted ; total, 33. Grand 
total, 5 officers, 172 enlisted; total, 177. 

Transport: 3 motor cars, 6 motorcycles, 1 workshop lorry, 1 store 
lorry, 34 lorries, 3-ton (26 for ammunition). 

Capacity 3-ton lorry : 80 rounds 4.7-inch or 90 rounds 60-pounder. 

New organization. 

HEADQUARTERS OF DIVISIONAL ARTILLERY (NEW ARMIES), 

Personnel : 4 officers, 21 enlisted ; total, 25. 

Transport: 1 motor car, 3 bicycles, 2 wagons (baggage and sup- 
plies). Total vehicles, 4. 

Change: Increase in personnel and transport over regular estab- 
lishment. 

606 



19 

DIVISIONAL AMMUNITION COLUMN (nEW ARMIES). 

Personnel: (Headquarters and 3 sections), 12 officers, 537 enlisted; 
total, 549. 

Transport: 5 bicycles, 3 carts, 57 wagons (18-pounder), 12 wagons 
(4.5-inch howitzer), 24 wagons (small arms), 12 wagons (store, 
baggage, and supplies) ; total vehicles, 104. 

New organization. 

HEAVY ARTILLERY RESERVE GROUP HEADQUARTERS. 

Personnel : 4 officers, 26 enlisted ; total, 30. 

Transport: 2 motor cars, 3 motorcycles, 1 lorry (30-hundred- 
weight) ; total, vehicles, 6. 
New organization. 

HEAVY ARTILLERY BATTERY AND AMMUNITION COLUMN (B. G. A.) («0- 
POUNDERB. L.) (NEW ARMIES). 

Personnel : 6 officers, 199 enlisted ; total, 205. 

Transport : 4 gun carriages, 1 bicycle, 1 cart, 12 wagons with lim- 
bers (ammunition), 4 wagons (ammunition), 7 wagons (stores, bag- 
gage, etc.) ; total vehicles, 26. 

New organization. 

PACK ARTILLERY BRIGADE AMMUNITION PARK. 

One mechanical transport company. Army Service Corps. 
1. Army service corps details. 
Personnel : 1 officer, 90 enlisted ; total, 91. 
Artillery attached : 1 officer, 10 enlisted. 
Grand total : 2 officers, 101 enlisted ; total, 103. 
Transport: 1 motor car, 3 motorcycles, 19 lorries (3-ton), 1 lorry 
(workshop), 1 lorry (store) ; total vehicles, 25. 
New organization. 

A FIELD ARTILLERY BRIGADE. 

(Four batteries, each four 18-pounder Q. F. guns.) 

Headquarters, 4 batteries and ammunition column. 

Personnel : 26 officers, 732 enlisted ; total, 758. 

Transport: 16 gun carriages, 6 bicycles, 11 carts, 48 wagons with 
limbers (ammunition), 12 wagons (small-arms ammunition), 19 
wagons (stores, baggage, etc.) ; total vehicles, 98. 

Changed from 3 batteries of 6 guns to 4 batteries of 4 guns each. 

606 



20 

FIELD ARTILLERY (HOWITZER) BRIGADE (NEW ARMIES). 

Four batteries and ammunition column, 

(Q. F. 4.5-inch howitzer equipment.) 

Personnel : 23 officers, 688 enlisted ; total, 711. 

Transport: 16 carriages, howitzer, with limbers, 6 bicycles, 11 
carts, 48 wagons with limbers (ammunition), 16 wagons (stores, bag- 
gage, etc.) ; total vehicles, 83. 

Changed from 3 batteries of 6 howitzers to 4 batteries of 4 howitz- 
ers each. 

SIEGE ARTILLERY BRIGADE (MEDIUM). 

With mechanical transport. 
Headquarters and two batteries, R. G. A. 
Each armed with four 9.2-inch B. L. howitzers. 
Personnel : 23 officers, 768 enlisted ; total, 791. 
Transport: 7 motor cars, 31 motorcycles, 76 lorries (3-ton), 2 lor- 
ries, 30-hundredweight, 10 "Holt" tractors; total vehicles, 126. 
Changed from 4 batteries each of four 6-inch howitzers. 

SIEGE ARTILLERY BRIGADE (MEDIUM). 

With mechanical transport. 

Headquarters and 2 batteries, R. G. A., each armed with four 
8-inch B. L. howitzers. 

Personnel: 23 officers, 651 enlisted; total, 674. 

Transport: 7 motor cars, 25 motorcycles, 45 lorries, 3 ton, 1 lorry 
(30-hundredweight), 10 "Holt" tractors; total vehicles, 88. 

Changed from 4 batteries each of four 6-inch howitzers. 

SIEGE ARTILLERY BRIGADE (LIGHT). 

Headquarters, 2 or 3 batteries, each with four 6-inch howitzers, 
and ammunition column, R. G. A. 

Personnel: 19 officers, 535 enlisted; total, 554. (For 2 batteries.) 

Transport: 8 carriages with limbers, 9 carts, 20 wagons for am- 
munition and technical stores, 26 petrol lorries, 2 motor cars, 4 
motorcycles, 6 wagons (baggage and stores) ; total vehicles, 69. 

Changed from 4 batteries each of four 6-inch howitzers. 

MOUNTAIN ARTILLERY BRIGADE, R. G. A., AND AMMUNITION COLUMN. 

Headquarters, 3 batteries each of six 2.75 B. L. guns, and am- 
munition column. 

Personnel: 23 officers, 997 enlisted; total, 1,020. 

Animals: 62 horses, riding; 83 horses, draft; 20 horses, draft, 
heavy; 490 pack mules. 

500 



21 

Transport: 5 bicycles, 5 carts, 12 wagons (ammunition, technical 
stores), 9 wagons (baggage and stores) ; total vehicles, 31. 
New organization. 

ARMORED MOTOR BATTERY. 

(Four armored cars, each with 2 machine guns.) 

Personnel : 4 officers, 56 enlisted ; total, 60. 

Transport: 4 armored cars, 2 motor cars (baggage and supplies), 
1 lorry, 30-hundredweight (ammunition) ; 1 lorry, 3-ton (workshop 
and store) ; 19 motorcycles, 1 motor car; total vehicles, 28. 

New organization. 

jfOTOR MACHINE-GUN BATTERY. 

(Six machine guns.) 

Personnel : 4 officers, 55 enlisted ; total, 59. 

Transport: 4 motorcycles (officers), 5 motorcycles (scouts), 18 
motorcycles with side cars (6 for guns, 12 for men and ammunition), 
3 motor cars (with box bodies) for spare men and ammunition, 2 
motor cars (with box bodies) for baggage and supplies; total ve- 
hicles, 32. 

New organization. 

ANTIAIRCRAFT GUN DETACHMENT. 

(Two 13-pounder Q. F. guns.) 

Personnel : 2 officers, 41 enlisted ; total, 43. 

Transport: 2 motor cars for guns, 4 lorries (30-hundredweight) for 
ammunition, 1 motor vehicle for personnel, 1 motor car, 1 motor- 
cycle. Total vehicles, 9. 

New organization. 

WORKSHOP FOR SIX ANTIAIRCRAFT GUN DETACHMENT. 

(13-pounder Q. F. guns. Capable of division into two sections.) 

Personnel : 2 officers, 43 enlisted ; total, 45. 

Transport: 2 motor cars, 5 motorcycles, 2 lorries (workshop), 2 
lorries (store), 2 lorries (30-hundredweight) for personnel and first 
aid. Total vehicles, 13. 

New organization. 

F. Engineers. 

HEADQUARTERS OF DIVISIONAL ENGINEERS (nEW ARMIES), 

Personnel : 3 officers, 1 clerk, 9 enlisted ; total, 13. 
Transport: 1 bicycle, 1 cart, 2 wagons. 
Organization similar to that of regular service. 
509 



22 

BASE ROYAL ENGINEER PARK. 

Personnel: 9 officers, 241 enlisted; total, 250. 
New organization. 

RAILWAY COMPANY (CONSTRUCTION), 

Personnel : 6 officers, 249 enlisted ; total, 265. 
Transport: 2 motorcycles, 2 motor lorries. 
Principal change in transport : From horse to motor. 

FIELD SEARCHLIGHT COMPANY. 

Personnel: 4 officers, 88 enlisted; total, 92. 

Transport: 5 power lorries, 4 30-hundredweight lorries, 1 motor 
car, 6 limbers. 
New organization. 

ANTIAIRCRAFT SEARCHLIGHT SECTION. 

Personnel : 1 officer, 22 enlisted ; total, 23. 
Transport: 1 30-hundredweight lorry. 
New organization. 

A TUNNELING COMPANY, R. B. 

(Headquarters and 4 sections, each 3 reliefs.) 

Personnel: 14 officers, 325 enlisted; total, 339. 

Transport: 6 bicycles, 13 motorcycles, 3 lorries (3-ton) for stores, 
tools, and baggage, 1 lorry (30-hundredweight), 1 box car (15- 
hundredweight), 1 water cart, 4 wagons, G. S. (train) for supplies; 
total vehicles, 29. 

New organization. 

BRIDGING TRAIN (hORSED TRANSPORT). 

Personnel: 8 officers, 193 enlisted (mounted) and 36 (dismounted) ; 
total, 237. 

Transport: 1 bicycle, 3 carts, 55 wagons (equipment), 2 wagons 
(supplies) ; total vehicles, 59. 

Slight change in personnel and vehicles. 

BRIDGING TRAIN (MECHANICAL TRANSPORT). 

Personnel: 6 officers, 175 enlisted; total, 181. 

Transport : 4 motor cars, 6 motorcycles, 50 wagons (convertible for 
horse or mechanical transport), 32 lorries (quadruple drive) ; total 
vehicles 86. 

New organization. 

506 



23 

A LABOR COMPANY (MEDITERRANEAN), 

Personnel : 2 officers, 258 enlisted ; total, 260. 

Transport : 1 water cart, 2 wagons, G. S., for tools, baggage, and 
supplies. 

New organization. Officers, Eoyal Engineers. 

FIELD SQUADRON. 

Headquarters and 4 troops. 

Personnel : 7 officers, 186 enlisted ; total, 193. 

Transport: Headquarters, 2 carts, 8 wagons (6 for bridge mate- 
rial) ; total, 10 vehicles. 

For 4 troops : 8 carts, 8 wagons ; total vehicles, 16 ; grand total, 26 ; 
vehicles. 

Changes in personnel and equipment. 

PIONEER BATTALION (NEW ARMIES). 

Headquarters, machine-gun section, 4 guns and 4 companies. 
Personnel : 30 officers, 1,008 enlisted ; total, 1,038. 
Horses : 12 riding, 60 draft, 9 draft, heavy, 98 pack mules. 
Transport: 9 bicycles for signalers, 4 carts, 26 wagons; total ve- 
hicles, 32. 

New organization. 

AN ARMY TROOPS COMPANY, R. E. 

Personnel : 3 officers, 146 enlisted ; total, 149. 

Transport : 3 motorcycles with side cars, 10 bicycles, 4 carts, tool, 
5 wagons, 2 lorries, 3-ton ; total vehicles, 23. 
New organization. 

A FIELD (X)MPANY (NEW ARMIES). 

Headquarters and 4 sections. 

Personnel: 6 officers, 223 enlisted (54 mounted, 169 dismounted). 

Transport: 33 bicycles, 9 carts (water and tool), 19 wagons 
(searchlights, pontoons, trestles, technical stores, and baggage) ; total 
vehicles, 52. 

New organization. 

RAILWAY SUPPLY DETACHMENT, 

Personnel: 3 officers, 18 enlisted; total, 21. 
New organization. 

606 



24 

G. Signal Service. 

CAVALRY CORPS SIGNAL SQUADRON, 

Headquarters and 2 troops. 
Personnel : 10 officers, 184 enlisted ; total, 194. 
Transport : 4 wagons, 3 lorries, 7 motor cars ; total, 14 vehicles. 
New organization: 2 troops instead of 4, as per normal signal 
squadron. 

ARMY HEADQUARTERS SIGNAL COMPANY. 

Personnel : 7 officers, 142 enlisted ; total, 149. 

Transport: 7 loi-ries (1-ton, 30-hundredweight, and 3-ton); 3 
motor cars; total vehicles, 10. 

Principal change, increase in personnel and all motor transport. 

ARMY CORPS HEADQUARTERS SIGNAL COMPANY. 

Personnel : 5 officers, 73 enlisted ; total, 78. 

Transport: 4 lorries (1-ton and 3-ton), 2 motor cars; total ve- 
hicles, 6. 

New organization. 

MOTOR WIRELESS SECTION. 

Personnel : 1 officer, 27 enlisted ; total, 28. 

Transport: 2 Avagons, motor wireless, 2 lorries, 30-hundredweight; 
total vehicles, 4. 
New organization. 

MOTOR AIR -LINE SECTION. 

Personnel : 1 officer, 50 enlisted ; total, 51. 

Transport: 5 lorries (3-ton and 30-hundredweight), 1 motor car 
(light) ; total vehicles, 6. 
New organization. 

CABLE SECTION. 

Personnel : 1 officer, 35 enlisted ; total, 36. 

Transport: 2 wagons, cable, 2 limbered; total vehicles, 4. 

New organization. 

H. Transport and Supply. 

A DEPOT UNIT OF SUPPLY. 

Personnel : 1 officer, 13 enlisted ; total, 14. 
New organization. 

606 



25 

A BAKERY SECTION. 

Personnel : 2 sergeants, 2 corporals, 11 privates; total, 15, 
New organization. 

AN AUXILIARY HORSE TRANSPORT COMPANY. 

(Two-horsed wagons. Three sections, each of 20 wagons.) 
Personnel : 5 officers, 125 enlisted ; total, 130. 
Lines of communication transport. 
New organization. 

INLAND WATER TRANSPORT SECTION", 

Personnel: 18 officers, 327 enlisted; total, 345. 
Transport: 1 motor car, 16 motor bicycles. 
New organization. 

AN AUXILIARY MECHANICAL TRANSPORT COMPANY (STEAM LORRIES). 

Line of communications. 
Headquarters and 3 sections, A.S.C. 
Personnel : 5 officers, 143 enlisted ; total, 148. 

Transport: 1 motor car, 1 motorcycle, 46 lorries, 3-ton steam (15 
to each section), 1 lorry (workshop), 1 lorry (store). 
New organization. 

A RESERVE PARK (MULE TRANSPORT). 

One horse transport company, A.S.C. 
Personnel : 9 officers, 500 enlisted ; total, 509. 

Transport: 3 carts, 8 wagons (organization), 144 wagons (sup- 
plies) ; total vehicles, 155. 
Draft mules, 673. 
Personnel increased. Animals changed from horses to mules. 

A RESERVE PARK (NEW ARMIES), 

(Two-horsed wagons.) 

Similar to regular establishment. 

Enlisted personnel decreased by 2. 

A WORKSHOP, A. 8. C, FOR THE MOTOR AMBULANCE CARS OP A DIVISION. 

Personnel : 1 officer, 20 enlisted ; total, 21. 

Transport: 2 lorries (3-ton) (workshop and stores), 1 lorry (30- 
hundredweight) for stores and personnel, 1 motor car for personnel; 
total vehicles, 4. 

New organization. 

50fi 



26 

I. Medical Department. 
A FIELD AMBULANCE (NEW ARMIES). 

(Accommodating 150 patients.) (Seven motor ambulance cars 
and three horsed ambulance wagons.) 

Personnel (3 sections) : 10 officers, 238 enlisted; total, 248. 

Transport: 1 bicycle, 4 carts, 3 wagons (cooks and medical stores), 
3 wagons (ambulance), 6 wagons (medical stores and baggage), 7 
motor cars (ambulance), 4 wagons (train) ; total vehicles, 25. 

New organization. 

A MOTOR AMBULANCE CONVOY. 

(Fifty motor ambulance cars.) 

Personnel (3 sections) : 8 officers, 157 enlisted; total, 165. 

Transport: 50 motor ambulances, 4 motor cars, 7 motorcycles, 1 
lorry (30-hundredweight), 1 lorry (workshop), 2 lorries (store); 
total vehicles, 65. 

New organization. 

A CASUALTY CLEARING STATION. 

(Two hundred sick.) 

Personnel: 11 officers (including 3 chaplains), 87 enlisted; total, 98. 

Transport: 3 lorries (3-ton), 3 bicycles (for chaplains). 

New organization. 

A GENERAL HOSPITAL (1,040 BEDS). 

(Including 40 beds for officers.) 

Personnel: 35 officers (including 3 chaplains attached), 206 en- 
listed ; total, 241. 

Transport : Furnished, as required, by the inspector general of com- 
munications. 

New organization: Capacity doubled. 

AN AMBULANCE TRAIN. 

(For rail transport of 396 bed patients.) 

Personnel : 3 officers, 3 nursing sisters, 47 enlisted ; total, 53. 

Organization personnel increased. 

606 



27 

* J. Veterinary Service. • 

A VETERINARY HOSPITAL. 

(For 1,000 sick horses.) 

Personnel : 10 officers, 389 enlisted ; total, 399. 
Transport : 7 carts, 2 wagons, 1 lorry (30-hundred weight) ; total 
vehicles, 10. 
New organization. 

A MOBILE VETERINARY SECTION. 

Personnel : 1 officer, 27 enlisted ; total, 28. 

Transport : 3 wagons. 

New organization for service with divisions. 

A CONVALESCENT-HORSE DEPOT. 

(For 1,200 horses.) 

Personnel: 3 officers, 128 enlisted; total, 131. 

Transport: 1 cart, 1 ambulance (horse), 5 wagons. Total ve- 
hicles, 7. 

New organization. 

K. Military Prisons. 

MILITARY PRISONS IN THE FIELD. 

(Military prison, each 500 prisoners.) 
Headquarters personnel: 1 officer, 2 enlisted; total, 3. 
Military prison personnel : 1 officer, 28 enlisted ; total, 29. 
Change in organization and increase in personneL 

L. Army Service Corps. 

dockers' BATTALION. 

A new organization of stevedores given a military status for better 
control. Enlisted personnel organized with a proportion ranking as 
staff sergeants, sergeants, and corporals. 

foragers' BATTALION. 

A new organization of forage supply service given a military status 
for better control. Enlisted personnel must be men over 41, or phys- 
ically unfit for fighting, or boys between 15 and 17; a proportion 
ranking as staff sergeants, sergeants, and corporals. 

506 



. 28 

5. ITALY. 

ARMORED MOTOR MACHINE-GUN CARS. 

Each 3 guns of the Maxim type. Cars are provided with under- 
mountable tires. About 120-130 on hand. 
Organization not known. 

AVIATION SERVICE. 

Has all mechanical transport. 

SANITARY SERVICE. 

Besides the usual ambulance cars, motor ambulance cars have been 
provided. Each carries, besides a doctor and a nurse, 6 patients 
lying and 4 sitting, or 12 sitting. 

TRANSPORT SERVICE. 

Mechanical transport, in addition to animal-drawn carts and 
wagons, has been adopted. To these motor vehicles are attached 
trailers, either of the mechanical traction type, or the usual four- 
wheel, animal-drawn type of cart. 

6. JAPAN. 

No changes in organization known. 

7. TURKEY, 
No changes in organization known. 

8. RUSSIA. 
No changes in organization known. 

9. SERBIA. 
No changes in organization known. 

506 

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